CHANGE OF BLOOD IN BABY AND JAUNDICE..

A common condition in newborns, jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells.
Normally, bilirubin passes through the liver and is excreted as bile through the intestines. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin builds up faster than a newborn's liver can break it down and pass it from the body. Reasons for this include:

• Newborns make more bilirubin than adults do since they have more turnover of red blood cells.the heamoglobin(functional unit in red blood cell) of fetal is Hbf.Hbf contain 2 alpha globulin and 2 gamma globulin.gamma globulin special for fetal to take oxygen from the mother blood and bind oxygen more tightly.gamma globulin is only normal in fetal but abnormal present in adult.so, the great turnover of blood occur in the  body to change gamma globulin to beta globulin usually for adult.
• A newborn baby's still-developing liver may not yet be able to remove adequate bilirubin from the blood.
• Too large an amount of bilirubin is reabsorbed from the intestines before the baby gets rid of it in the stool.

High levels of bilirubin — usually above 25 mg — can cause deafness, cerebral palsy, or other forms of brain damage in some babies. In less common cases, jaundice may indicate the presence of another condition, such as an infection or a thyroid problem. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that all infants should be examined for jaundice within a few days of birth.

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why baby cannot use cradle when sleep?

VIBRATION:
vibration is the back and forth,side to side and up to down motion of the body that starts from and returns to the same reference position

EFFECTS OF VIBRATION:

• performance degradation
• tiring
• reduced comfort
• low back pain
• numbness 
• tingling sensation

motion of the cradle is a type of vibration.this motion can cause tiring and numbness to the baby in the cradle.sometimes,the baby might fall asleep because of the tiring effect of the cradle. not because they are sleepy.

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why diabetic patient persist their injury without healing?

case:
Three days ago, Jean Quinn, 43, underwent a bowel resection to relieve an obstruction. She's 5 feet 3 inches, weighs 160 pounds (72.8 kg), smokes, and has steroid-induced, insulin-dependent diabetes. Mrs. Quinn's postoperative course has been relatively uneventful, except for a productive cough.
As you begin evening rounds, you notice that Mrs. Quinn has a low-grade fever, complains of pain at her incision line, and appears sluggish. Although the incision remains intact with staple sutures, you notice redness, swelling, and small amounts of serosanguineous drainage in the center of the suture line. You see that it's been noted by the physician in her chart.

Later that night, Mrs. Quinn calls you because she can feel drainage from the incision site and is experiencing sharp incisional pains. You note that the center of the incision has opened approximately 5 x 4 x 2 cm (2 x 1.6 x 0.8 inches). The wound is pale pink on the inside with small amounts of yellow exudate on its floor. You alert Mrs. Quinn's physician.

Identification

1. is a set of metabolic disorders. Generally the term "diabetes," when used alone, typically refers to diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by sweet urine. This is due to an excess of glucose in the blood, not all of which can be filtered out by the kidneys, leading to some being present in the urine. Diabetes mellitus is due to problems with insulin. 

Types

1. There are two types of diabetes mellitus. The first, type I, is due to an inability of the islet cells in the pancreas to produce insulin. Type II diabetes is marked by resistance to endogenously produced insulin. Since insulin is critical in the the uptake and regulation of glucose in the blood, both types lead to increased blood sugar

      Effect
          Insulin-dependent patients may have trouble because hyperglycemia supports    
          bacteria growth. Also, diabetes slows collagen formation, interfering with wound closure   
          and strength.
 

Prevention/Solution

1. The best way to avoid serious complications is to make sure that diabetics inspect their feet as often as possible. Any sort of foot cut can be treated with a variety of techniques, including the administration of growth factors to try and speed the wound healing response. Removal of diseased and infected tissue can also speed the process. More recently, there has been a movement to inject cells necessary for wound healing directly onto foot ulcerations in diabetics. 

GANGRENE

gangrene is necrosis(dead)  tissue with superadded putrifaction.
putrifaction is cause by saprophytic bacteria which break down the proteins of the necrotic tissue liberating hydrogen sulphide that give the tissue a foul odour.

Hydrogen sulphide unites with the iron of heamoglobin forming iron sulphide that stains the gangrenous tissue black

Diabetic foot ulcers can become infected with gangrene and can result in amputation of the affected limb.

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why some diabetic patient cannot sense towards stimuli?

sometimes, you can notice that diabetic patient cannot sense well when they are step on a nail or hard thing.they have to wear slipper although there are at home.to prevent any innjury..this condition is known as diabetic neuropathy generally or peripheral neuropathy specifically.

WHAT IS DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Diabetic neuropathies are a family of nerve disorders caused by diabetes. People with diabetes can, over time, develop nerve damage throughout the body. Some people with nerve damage have no symptoms. Others may have symptoms such as pain, tingling, or numbness—loss of feeling—in the hands, arms, feet, and legs. Nerve problems can occur in every organ system, including the digestive tract, heart, and sex organs.

WHAT CAUSES DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Researchers are studying how prolonged exposure to high blood glucose causes nerve damage. Nerve damage is likely due to a combination of factors:

• metabolic factors, such as high blood glucose, long duration of diabetes, abnormal blood fat levels, and possibly low levels of insulin
• neurovascular factors, leading to damage to the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to nerves
• autoimmune factors that cause inflammation in nerves
• mechanical injury to nerves, such as carpal tunnel syndrome
• inherited traits that increase susceptibility to nerve disease
• lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol use

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Symptoms of nerve damage may include

• numbness, tingling, or pain in the toes, feet, legs, hands, arms, and fingers
• wasting of the muscles of the feet or hands
• indigestion, nausea, or vomiting
• diarrhea or constipation
• dizziness or faintness due to a drop in blood pressure after standing or sitting up
• problems with urination
• erectile dysfunction in men or vaginal dryness in women
• weakness

TYPES OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Peripheral neuropathy affects

• toes
• feet
• legs
• hands
• arms

Autonomic neuropathy affects

• heart and blood vessels
• digestive system
• urinary tract
• sex organs
• sweat glands
• eyes
• lungs

Proximal neuropathy affects

• thighs
• hips
• buttocks
• legs

Focal neuropathy affects

• eyes
• facial muscles
• ears
• pelvis and lower back
• chest
• abdomen
• thighs
• legs
• feet

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Walkman and hearing loss

do you want to know the effect of using walkman or any ear phone to your ear.its seem normal but medical studies has approve the dangerous and harmful effect of it:

The ear consists of three parts:

the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.

The outer ear is the visible part of your ear. It collects sound, which then travels down your ear canal (external auditory meatus) to your eardrum (tympanic membrane).
The sound waves cause your eardrum to vibrate.

This vibration is passed on to the middle ear, which consists of three small bones called the 'ossicles'. These amplify and conduct the vibrations to the inner ear.

The inner ear contains the cochlea, which is shaped like a snail shell. The cochlea is full of fluid and contains tiny hair cells.

The ossicles transmit the vibrations to the fluid inside the cochlea, causing the hair cells to move.
 The movement of the hair cells produces an electrical signal that travels along the auditory nerve to your brain. Different types of hair cell pick up different frequencies (pitches) of sound.

by hearing walkman for a long period can cause damage to the hair cells by loud noises (acoustic trauma) and can lead to 'hearing loss'. This is also more likely to happen if you work in a noisy place.

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